Understanding Leadership as a Theory

Understanding Leadership as a Theory 06 June 2012 word count: 250 By: Author The purpose of this essay is to discuss what I have learned by reading this weeks assigned chapter in regards to understanding leadership as a theory. I will discuss the building blocks of â€Å"theory', as well as take a look at the organization in which I work in to take a look at variables that may be used to evaluate the performance of the President of my company.Leadership as a theory in chapter 3 mentions a great Tory of the Janitor at NASA working late because the president had instilled in him a sense of pride that made him want to work late without getting paid. However, when looking at the Anatomy of Theory we find that it can be broken down into specific units, â€Å"namely, the theory itself, followed by subordinate constructs, variables, and personalized measures† (Ludlow, G. R. & Copula, M. N. , 2011).I found my looking at these specific units; it became clearer on how leadership as a t heory can be utilized to learn how to become a better leader. I would have to agree that this chapter was o pedantic, In that it seemed to break down things too deep. Within my organization the senior leadership Is measured based upon his ability to lead and make tough decisions. Because we are non-profit organization, research, and academic that Includes clinics, we must have a leader that understands the many facets of the business.The variables that must be used Include knowledge, ability, and skill at a CEO level In order to understand how the college operates. â€Å"Given that leadership knowledge comes from several disciplines, It Is Important to use social science-based methods to provide clarity to the study of leadership† ( Ludlow, G. R. & Copula, M. N. , 2011). I believe that If you look Into each aspect of the business, you will find that all these variables mentioned can be placed Into each part of the operations. References Ludlow, G.R. & Copula, M. N. (2011). Le adership for Healthcare Professionals: Theory, Skills, and Applications. Sturdy, Maine: Jones and Bartlett Learning. Understanding Leadership as a Theory By mike floors WIDE : Understanding Leadership as a Theory too pedantic, in that it seemed to break down things too deep. Within my organization the senior leadership is measured based upon his ability to lead and academic that includes clinics, we must have a leader that understands the many facets of the business.

Personal Ethics vs Professional Ethics

My Perception of Personal Ethics and Professional Ethics: Ethics plays a vital role in shaping moral health of a person, a society, a government, or a corporate. Laws, and legislation however much necessary, will never fashion the attitude and character of a person, but ethics will. The sense of accountability to all stake holders, fair treatment to all in interpersonal relationships, integrity, and honesty are the parameters that characterize ethical behavior. Business sustainability demands ethical conduct; otherwise, it will fail. Famous Satyam scandal in 2009 is a shining example of, how business fails due to unethical business practices – Satyam's accounts had been overstated to the tune of 7000 crore rupees or 1. 5 Billion US Dollars over several years. According to Jamsetji Tata, business must operate in a way that respects the rights of all its stakeholders and creates an overall benefit for society – this is ethical business conduct. Yet, the standards of conduct in personal and professional life can be different for some people. A person who gives respect to his acquaintances may not give respect to his peers at work place; however, it is an irrational behavior, which is not desired. To normalize the differences among individuals’ behavior in business, to make ethical behavior measurable, and to take corrective actions accordingly, institutions usually have an Ethics committee to evaluate and maintain their professional code of conduct. When a business decision provokes a conflict between personal ethics and professional ethics, one can refer the standards, and various caselets available for ready reference, and take an appropriate decision. My Personal Ethics Vs Professional Ethics: My work-life spans across two organizations, MindTree and Accenture. There have been no instance where my personal ethics was in conflict with my professional ethics till now. To me there is no difference between personal and professional ethics. I believe that the standards of conduct in personal life does not differ from the standards of conduct in professional life. I respect individuals: be it my family members or my colleagues at work place. I care for my companions; irrespective of organization, I work for and place, I stay.

A Systems Approach to the Exploration of Challenges of Online Distance Literature review - 2

A Systems Approach to the Exploration of Challenges of Online Distance Education in the context of Saudi Arabia - Literature review Example Reinforcing is the process by which the different components of a system are put into action. Balancing process makes sure that every component of a system is in equilibrium with each other. Feedback forms an integral part of the sytems thinking approach. For instance while analyzing a project on human resource; the management is considering increasing the number of employees in the organization, however past results show that increasing the number of workers has proven to be counterproductive. Therefore in such a scenario the firm must take into consideration feedbacks generated from past actions to analyse the current system (Checkland and Poulter, 2010). Sytems thinking was founded in the year 1956 by the MIT professor Jay Forrestor. Forrestor had recognized that there was a need of a better way of testing new ideas and aspects of the social system like in the manner how ideas are tested in engineering. In traditional forms of analysis, a system in broken up into different parts and then studied. In case of sytems thinking, a system’s parts are analysed on the basis of how they interact with each other in order to produce behaviour (Checkland and Winter, 2006). System thinking emphasizes upon the proper usage of input so that the desired results can be obtained. In case of analyzing a project as a system, the inputs are capital, labour, machines materials and time. The desired output can be in the form of services and products. The systems thinking approach induces the detailed analysis of each aspect of the action plan that is formulated to achieve the desired results. Therefore the management needs to consider the critical success factors and the impact of the external environment upon the operations. The systems theory brings stability in the operations of an organization which otherwise can be chaotic as the business environment, both internal and external are constantly changing. The systems approach also

Federal agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Federal agency - Essay Example This part of the paper explains the process and structure by which agency oversees or regulates its working and overall health management processes. There is an Audit Services Division, communal Secretariat Scientific, executive General of Agency, theses department are that is responsible for reporting in a straight line to the Chief Public Health Officer. The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) interior Audit purpose gives the Chief Public Health Officer (CPHO), the Minister of Canada, and Agency executive with an autonomous ability to carry out audits that is dependable with agency and central agency strategies; to react to agency main concerns and to augment the effectiveness, efficiency, and financial system of operations. 2 Now paper gives answer of why it is important that this agency oversee or regulate these businesses? agency oversee or regulate these businesses because they are focused on additional effectual hard work to avert chronic diseases, such that HIV, hepatitis, cancer and heart disease, avoid injuries and take action to public health emergencies and communicable disease eruptions, the Public Health Agency of Canada workings intimately with all regions and provinces to keep Canadians strong, healthy and assist decrease pressures on the health care structure. The Agency will be division of the public service and will be leaded by the CPHO (told earlier) who will provide the continuous statement to the Minister of Health of Canada. Health Canada will as well provides details to the Minister of central Canada. 3 This part of the paper outlines the recent actions or ruling has the agency made. Recently the Federal Agency for Health Canada has issued a policy and coordination. It works together with analysts in all region of the Branch to expand eloquent and incorporate Branch policy and as well improve more awareness among the people about chronic diseases. By meeting and producing key

Conducting Scientific Reserach in Criminal Justice Research Proposal

Conducting Scientific Reserach in Criminal Justice - Research Proposal Example If a research is done to study the topography of the place, the demography of the population and their socio-economic circumstances we can definitely derive some clues of high crime rate in this area. We can extend this study to cover the Hot points, that is the specific locations like a particular building or complex where the crime rate is high. It can cover the Hot Places, that are wider areas than specific buildings. These could be street corners or car parks where the incidents of car theft are frequently reported. There are also Hot Routes which are streets or roads along which more number of robbery or snatching is reported. 2. The profile of the criminals:- This helps us study the age, sex, education, economic status and ethnicity of the criminals. We can find out if there is any common thread running through it. If there is any, what could be the possible reasons of such people's behavior. Again, we can find out whether these can be altered or not. We will need to collect crime data from the police and study it on the above parameters. to understand the psychology of the criminals we can conduct personal interviews with a cross-section of them. This information can be tabulated to give us the findings. I believe that conducting this scientific research in criminal justice and security management will help the society in general.

Strategic management of Nokia India Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic management of Nokia India - Assignment Example It is now facing the dilemma of introducing Nokia Life Tools services for the rural population; the main services that will be offered are Education, Entertainment and Agricultural services. In order to have complete roll out in India, the company will have to implement systems that will help it in offering consistent services to the customers along with up-to-date information so that the users can benefit from such valuable source of information. The company will have to develop the system that will ensure that every customer in India is given proper services; it has been successful in meeting the demands of urban population and it will definitely capture the rural market share. Introduction to Nokia and Nokia India Nokia Corporation is a multinational company of the telecommunication sector that has its headquarters in Keilaniemi, Espoo which is a city near Finland. Nokia has been present in the market for almost a decade and has been developing extraordinary, high quality and inno vative mobile devices. The company has even entered into Internet and communication sectors; it has its roots in four distinct segments i.e. Mobile Devices, Enterprise Solutions, Networks and Multimedia. In the case study, it is mentioned that as of 2009, Nokia Corporation is present in more than one hundred and fifty countries and is earning global revenue of EUR 4.1 billion. Nokia Corporation is considered to be the leading manufacturer of mobile devices as it has the latest technologies and its workforce comprises of well-qualified and highly trained employees. For every major segment and its ethical practices, the company is producing mobile devices that have additional features such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), W-CDMA and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It is also offering various Internet services like music, maps, media, applications, games and text messages via its Ovi platform. Nokia Corporation has entered into various partnership agreements like Nokia Siemens Network that produces equipment, services and solutions for the telecommunication network. Hence, it is the best company in the telecommunication industry that has been serving customers by exceeding their expectations level (Aspara et al., 2011). In India, Nokia Corporation started its operations in 1995 and it played a revolutionary role in the cellular technology’s robust growth. Currently, Nokia has its operations in five major cities of India i.e. Mumbai, Bangalore, Ahmadabad, New Delhi and Kolkata. The operations of the company comprise of the handsets and network infrastructure businesses like Nokia Siemens (both companies merged to share the telecom network operations and equipment division) so that it can take advantage of business opportunities in the market. This strategic alliance has helped the companies in becoming the main supplier to all top

Urban outfitters budgets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Urban outfitters budgets - Essay Example expansion of the market will lead to application of new marketing strategies and employment of more workers, which will increase the wages and administrative expenses (Smith 2010). In marketing, control and evaluation is crucial because Urban Outfitters determines the performance and effectiveness of marketing operations. In measuring the performance of marketing information, control and evaluation provides useful information. Evaluation and control program in the marketing department provides the manager with output of the services and products. Evaluation and control can also help the company to know where to make improvement and the areas it has success. Through evaluation and control the business takes into account external conditions relating to marketing programs like customer feedback. The feedbacks help in determining employee performance. Through control and evaluation Urban Outfitters will be able to focus in all marketing areas (Smith

HEALTH , SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS Essay

HEALTH , SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS - Essay Example Although this decision might have been informed from the principle of Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Cost (BATNEEC), it is noteworthy that this concept carries with it potential environmental impacts in all their forms. In terms of emissions, the company is likely to emit toxic or harmful gases as by products in the overall process of manufacturing the various detergents. This is attributed to the fact that the company has opted to integrate both automated mode of production and manual one in which case there is bound to an increase in the air pollution when using the latter. As is outlined by Environmental Protection Act 1990 and 1995, this company is therefore tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that its production activities do not interfere with the overall air quality according to RTPI, (2002). In this regard, the best practicable environmental option is through the use of appropriate technology which reduces the emission of any toxic gases to its bordering community. In particular there is the danger of Sulphur dioxide being released since the company uses Sulphate as one of the ingredients for making its detergents. This is also enshrined in the aforementioned acts based on the princi ple of producer responsibility. On the other hand, the company structures have a negative visual impact owing to their height with its effects on the aviation industry. With respect to the issue of water discharge options, Thomas Hedley Company shall have integrated its water disposal into the city’s sewage system. However, the company shall be tasked with the responsibility of treating its effluents before they are discharged into the city’s sewage disposal system. The other feasible option available to this company is the option of recycling its waste water for use in the production process. The third option available to this firm

Stem Cell Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Stem Cell - Research Paper Example The consent of donation of human stem cells includes difficult dilemmas in the process of derivation. The most important ethical issues related to delivery of stem cells are Informed and voluntary consent, Creation of embryos for research purposes, destruction of embryos, benefits and risks of experimental intervention, medical risks of oocyte retrieval and protecting women infertility treatment. Despite of tremendous promise of HESC research it has faced enormous opposition because harvesting of HESC destroys human embryo. The derivation of HESC requires the removal of the uttermost layer also known as the trophoblast. The development of the process is facing heated opposition because it involves an unethical stand against the killing of innocent human embryos. This research paper deals with the responses that arise from the thesis question. Human stem cell research has a great effect on the advancement of medical technology against deadly diseases. There are mainly two type of stem cells derived from human body; embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are isolated from blastocysts found in its inner cell mass. On the other hand adult stem cells are found in human body tissues. The production of adult stem cells has been very helpful in the past few years because it has helped in treatments like transplantation of bone marrows. There are several other uses of stem cells that have helped in proper evolution of medical technology in the world. Earlier stem cells were obtained by killing human embryos. There were several controversies related to the harvesting process of stem cells. Human embryos are part of human beings that is formed as a result of reproduction process. The harvesting process of stem cells hence was regarded as an unethical stand. In the present circumstances stem cell research is widely used for treatment of a number of diseases. The treatment of diseases like diabetes,

Boldwoods Christmas party Essay Example for Free

Boldwoods Christmas party Essay Bathsheba Everdene is the main character in a Thomas Hardy novel called Far From the Madding Crowd. Which is set in Wessex. Bathshebas character is along with many other things decisive, brisk, vain, businesslike, and independent. However you see her evolve throughout the book, mainly as a result of her marriage to Frank Troy. At the beginning of the story Hardy seems to focus on her bad qualities, though you still see people wishing to be married to her. Some good qualities are shown as well like her thoughtful response to save Gabriels life. Her first fault is vanity. This trait is mentioned in chapter one, almost everything else follows on from this. Vanity affects the way she behaves in a powerful way. Her vanity makes her annoyed and angry at not attracting Boldwoods attention. When she meets Frank Troy he plays up to her vanity by paying her compliments and showing her flirtatious affection. By the end of the story she shows that she has grown out of or overcome her vanity. Instead of wanting to stand out and have everyone looking at her, at Boldwoods Christmas party, she dresses down and wants to merge into the background. You can also see she is not vain because when Boldwood praises her beauty the comments have no effect. Her life experiences have caused this change in her. The main life experience is her marriage to Frank Troy which affected her the most. She transforms from a confident character to a submissive and introverted figure she becomes less and less like her usual self. The first sign you see of independence is fairly near the beginning in chapter three, when we see her riding the horse. Instead of doing it the conventional ladylike way we see her lie flat on her back on top of the horses back. This could be showing her independence and unconventional behaviour, this would tie in with an independent spirit too wild. She likes to have independence so later on in the story when this is taken away from her we see her rely on Gabriel Oak. She always had her own independence, but when she got married she lost that independence and we see her seek advice and help from Gabriel Oak. At one point in the story she rejects Gabriels advice, but later on in chapter fifty four she asks for it. This shows a big change in her personality. She once would have done her own thing and maybe even sacked Gabriel for his advice whereas she now values both him and his opinion. Her independence continues to be shown throughout the rest if the story, even after her marriage to Frank Troy. Independence along with confidence is showed when she goes to the corn market and is the only woman there. Another characteristic shown is confidence with businesslike skills. An example of this would be when she takes it upon herself to sack her bailiff. I have formed a resolution to have no bailiff at all. Bathshebas confidence continues to be shown with her decision to pay the workers herself in chapter ten. Bathsheba has a lot of confidence in herself. In short I shall astonish you all. This is said shortly after her decision to have no bailiff when she is convincing the staff that she can manage. The speech shows her self-confidence shining and her belief in her own ability. Towards the end of the novel we see her find an even balance between the overconfidence which she showed through the beginning of the novel which made her appear full of herself, compared with when she had little or no confidence and relied on Frank Troy, to finally become a person who can cope on her own but realises she cannot do everything to the best of her ability without assistance. Before we see her lose her self confidence she shows she believes in herself by going to the Corn Market, making her the only woman present. One thing bothers Bathsheba; the fact that Boldwood is the only person who does not take notice of her. This lack of attention shows us how she craves to be the centre of attention; you could even go as far as calling her an attention seeker. She will do silly antics in an attempt to attract peoples attention. For example the Valentines Day card. Bathsheba tries to make herself popular with everyone especially men; this seems to be her biggest desire. In chapter thirteen she mischievously sends a Valentine card to Boldwood to attract his attention. This starts Bathshebas change. She wants people to notice her and does not sit around waiting she takes action for herself. The sending of the Valentines card shows her vain characteristic. A big characteristic she shows throughout is impulsiveness, she does things without thinking. The Valentines Day card is an example of this; another example of this earlier in the book is when she chases Gabriel Oak after he had been wrongly informed that many men wanted her hand in marriage; though she did not want to accept his proposal. She did not think that her actions would show this until after the conversation her and Gabriel had. Many of her actions are on impulse she doesnt think things through first. Later on however she takes time to think about Fannys grave and she decides to clean it up and replant the bulbs on it. This also shows she can be selfless. When Gabriel gives her advice early in the novel she decides she doesnt like what he has to say. She sacks him whilst she was angry and acting highly impulsively. This demonstrates how she doesnt want to face the truth even though she values his opinion; later in the novel after the drowning of Frank Troy she relents asking him for his thoughts.

E Waste Management Processes In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

E Waste Management Processes In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay With rapid technological advancement, increasing demand of electrical and electronic as well as short lifespan of the products has lead to the increase in e-waste generation. Hence, E-waste generation has become a concern. E-waste management requires different approach compare to conventional management of traditional wastes. This is because of E-waste complex characteristic where its contain hazardous substances which pose risk to human health and environment. Understanding E-waste management and to determine the best approach is a difficult task due to lack of study in Malaysia and reliable data on management system. This paper aimed to assess the current practice of E-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. The data presented in this paper derived mostly from the secondary sources of various literatures and interview with main stakeholders in e-waste management were conducted in order to understand the current issue and problem in e-waste management. Managing E-waste in Malaysia is challenging due to its hazardous characteristic and the generation currently at an alarming rate where it is reported that E-waste will be expected to triple output in next five years. Therefore, the cooperation from all level of management from key stakeholders is needed in order to ensure the risk of E-waste can be control at the minimum level. Keywords: Electrical and electronic waste, E-waste, management Introduction In view of the vision 2020 aim for Malaysia, the countrys wish to become a fully develop nation in the year 2020 has meant that Malaysia is not only encourages economic and social growth, but also environmental issues are addressed (Pelle Getke, 2008). One of the major environmental problems in Malaysia is the production of new waste in the waste streams namely electrical and electronic waste. Electrical and electronic waste, also known as electronic waste or electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), or in short called e-waste is consist of electrical or electronic products that can be categorized into white goods or bulky waste such as refrigerators, washing machines and brown goods such as computers, televisions, mobile phones, etc when comes to its end of life for their current owner (D.S Khetriwal, 2007). It also can be define as waste types that consist of broken or unwanted electronic appliances. E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste issues in the world where it forms 1% of solid waste on an average in developed countries and is expected to grow to 2% by 2020 (UNEP, 2007). The quantities of e-waste are predicted to grow substantially in future both in industrialized countries and in developing countries, with the potential to triple their e-waste by 2010 (UNEP, 2008) which is no exemption for Malaysia. With manufacturers continue to update and invented new electrical and electronic equipments, this has caused the lifespan of old product tend to decrease and this also becoming one of the factor contributes to the rapid growing of waste in today world. Statistics on the total quantity of e-waste generated per year in Malaysia is indistinguishable. However, e-waste generation is directly related to number of appliances used in the country (IMPAK, 2006). Table 1 shows the amount in unit on electrical and electronic product in Malaysia for year 2003. Table 1: The amount of electrical and electronic product for year 2003 Product Amount (Unit) Computer 4, 183,684 Mobile Phones 11,124,000 Television 4.500,000 Radio 9,400,000 Refrigerator 3,500,000 Data source: Era Hijau, 2008, Department of Environment With the growth of electrical or electronic equipments consumed in this country, the management of waste will be a key issue that needs to be urgently addressed especially in e-waste management. The problems that can be identified are the absence of proper mechanism and standards of disposal where it often end up in the waste streams either through recycling or landfill (ToxicLink, 2003). It can be assumed that the disposal of obsolete electrical and electronic products is fundamentally driven by the production of new ones where it implies that the growth in global electronic production of 4.4% in 2002, 6.8% in 2003 will result in similar growth in e-waste management (William, 2005). Without proper management system especially in disposal processes, hazardous materials contained in e-waste can be release into the environment and this will potentially give adverse effect to human health (M. Macauley, 2003). Therefore, it is very important to have a better e-waste management in order t o reduce it effects to both human health and environmental ecosystem in the future. Current status of E-waste management in Malaysia Developing countries usually lack of proper storage spaces or disposal area for e-waste causing their e-waste mixed in domestic landfill, burned with household waste or stored in the attic for years. This problem also occur in Malaysia where most of e-waste end up in landfill as there is no mechanism of proper recycling or safe disposal. The disposal of e-waste in uncontrolled way can pose risk to environment and human health where there are growing of e-waste winding up unnoticed in landfill (NST, 2007). Besides that, many facilities are unable to process e-waste due to constraints in space and handling problem (EQR, 2006). The existing collection and disposal system is inadequate in handling such wastes. This is because the management of e-waste is different with management of solid waste. According to D.S Khetriwal (2007), conventional waste management policies suited to handle traditional waste types and cannot be applied in the case of e-waste due to its characteristic which con tains both highly toxic substances as well as valuable materials which can be recovered. Malaysia already has existing regulation on scheduled wastes where e-waste were categorized under SW110 in First Scheduled of Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, but this regulation not directly dealing with e-waste from household. Currently, there is no mechanism of proper segregation or disposal system to encourage public recycle and discard e-waste. The continue generation of e-waste over time, together with lack of structured mechanism of institutional framework and inadequate infrastructure causing e-waste management not well set up. Even though at present electrical or electronic appliances are rarely disposed of inadequate manner, but with little regulation in place, this has created hazards to local populations, as well as to the environment. Study area and data collection The number of electrical or electronic industries in Malaysia is rising. Thus, increased in the consumption of electrical and electronic products is due to its utility in our everyday life. This indirectly explained why the numbers of electrical and electronic waste is increasing. As the urbanization continues to take place, the management of waste is a major public health and environment concern in urban areas of many developing countries. The concern is serious, particularly in the capital cities. Therefore Shah Alam, Selangor is chosen as the starting point for the research. Shah Alam is the capital city for the State of Selangor where it consists of well planned and modern town with the state administrative centre in a spacious and pleasant environment. Shah Alam is an urban city in Petaling and Klang District which is located about 25 kilometres (15 miles) west of the countrys capital, Kuala Lumpur. In 1978, it replaced Kuala Lumpur as the capital city of the State of Selangor due to Kuala Lumpurs incorporation into a Federal Territory in 1974. Shah Alam was the first planned city in Malaysia after independence in 1957. Shah Alam has a similar urban layout to Petaling Jaya and Subang Jaya with housing areas occupying most of the city (55.2  km ²) and commercial centres scattered around the different seksyen (sections). There are about 56 sections in total within 24 zones. Shah Alam is the State of Selangor capital city, has experienced a rapid urbanization and industrialization in the last decade. Urban area where chosen because of the highest communication services are concentrated in urban areas compare to rural areas and most of the development still concentrated in urban areas. The production of E-waste in this area can be assumed as quite high and the management of E-waste by waste generators, recyclers and disposal are crucial. Figure 3.2 shows amount of E-waste generated in Shah Alam is the highest compare to others area in the State of Selangor. Figure 3.2 Amount of e-waste generated in Selangor Area in 2009 Source: DOE Shah Alam report, 2009 Personal interview were conducted with relevant stakeholder that consist of regulatory framework government officials responsible for E-waste management process, as well as senior managers within the E-waste recycling industries (SW. Chung, R.Murakami-Suzuki, 2008) in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. As this is exploratory research, many stakeholders have been approached and interviews were conducted to obtain the understanding on e-waste management issues and problem, opinions and their view. Before meeting the respondents, information has been searched for knowing the involvement of stakeholders in the e-waste management (M. Schluep et al., 2008). The interviews were conducted with stakeholders that were responsible with the management of e-waste in Shah Alam and also directly involved in e-waste management in Malaysia. On the other hand, the respondent were chosen based on convenience sampling where only person that willing to cooperate in this study will be interviewed. This type o f sampling technique was chosen due to limited time and finance. After the interview, the interviews are transcribed and the transcript of each interview was sent back to the interviewee (s) for comment and further questions (P. Manomaivibool, 2009). Secondary data was extracted from a collection of key documents. These documents were collected through library and document searches from many stakeholders including government agencies, industry and business. Collections of key documents consist of documents in the form of publications such as reports, journals, books, and internets. The data gathers are source from report of e-waste inventory project in Malaysia, annual publication of IMPAK magazine by Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia and environmental quality report of DOE, Malaysia. The data presented in this paper derived mostly from the secondary sources of various literatures and interview with main stakeholders in e-waste management were conducted in order to understand the current issue and problem in e-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor and Malaysia generally. Trend of e-waste generation Figure 1: Quantities of e-waste generated in Selangor, Malaysia Table 1: Number of e-waste contractors in Selangor, Malaysia. 2007 2008 2009 Number of contractor in Selangor 27 28 27 Data source: DOE, Selangor report, 2007, 2008, and 2009. In the e-waste inventory project of Malaysia report, e-waste is expected to increase in five year ahead and further. This is because at that time the level of public awareness regarding e-waste is increasing due to e-waste had become an important environment issues in 21st century. The other factor that may contribute to the increase of e-waste is due to technologies advancement where people lifestyle change where the replacement of old product with new ones that much better, affordable and easy to use in the future. Even nowadays people are depending on gadgets such as computers and mobile phones in communicating with people around the world. This data only reflects the e-waste that is collected as disassembled components from industries (Malaysia Inventory Report, Accessed on 11/10/2009). Data on quantities of e-waste generated in Shah Alam were gathered from inventory recorded by e-waste contractors for Department of Environment, Selangor using a consignment notes. The increase of e-waste quantities generated give impact to the management of e-waste. The main objective in e-waste management is to reduce the e-waste generated from ending up in landfill site and to reduce the cost of managing e-waste where it contain both highly toxic substances and valuable materials. In 2005, Malaysia has issue e-waste as an environmental concern and marked it as new category of scheduled wastes. Before Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, there are no regulations for e-waste but in Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 1986, the discarded batteries containing lead, mercury, nickel or lithium from battery manufacturing plants are coded under scheduled waste S271. However, E-waste is defined as used electrical and electronic equipments categories as scheduled waste in First Schedule of Environment (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005 and been coded as SW110 after takes effect on 15 August 2005. When e-waste become new category of scheduled waste in Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, contractors in Selangor that involved in e-waste recycling and processing are bound to obtain license from Department of Environment, Selangor. With the enforcement of EQSWR 2005, the activity of e-waste inventory were carrying out by DOE, Selangor began in 2007. The number of e-waste contractors license under DOE is about 27 contractors in 2007 and 28 contractors in 2008 but reduce back to 27 contractors in 2009. There are two factors contribute to this reduction; firstly because of economy crisis in 2008 and effected e-waste generated in 2009. This has show in the graph where the amount of e-waste generated in 2008 decrease from 10916 MT/year to 10369 MT/year in 2009. From the literatures sources, when the economic crisis happens, firstly affected is the electronic industry. As a result, the production of electronic product decreasing as well as the quantities of e-waste generated. And secondly because of competition between these contractors result in some of them become passive and some are active. Moreover too many players but the volume e-waste collected is not enough and the high costs for e-waste become a burden to these e-waste contractors. Also according DOE Shah Alam officer, they do not have any data or quantity for each e-waste generated. For this time being, the only data exist is for the whole of SW110 wastes. Figure 1: Quantities of e-waste generated in Shah Alam, Selangor Table 2: Amount of e-waste (MT/year) generates and number of e-waste contractor in Shah Alam, Selangor. 2007 2008 2009 Number of contractor in Shah Alam 9 10 12 Data Data source: DOE, Selangor report, 2007, 2008, and 2009. E-waste generation is different with other hazardous household waste and scheduled waste generated by industries and business sources. The generation is not regular. Its depending on how the individual handle they product during the equipment working lifespan. There are no reports on types of e-waste generated from household as this waste end up mixed with other waste goes to landfill or informally handle by illegal collectors or scrap collectors. Malaysia has issue e-waste as an environmental concern and marked it as new category of scheduled wastes in 2005. Before Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005 takes effect, there are no regulations for e-waste. However in the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 1986, the discarded batteries containing lead, mercury, nickel or lithium from battery manufacturing plants are coded under scheduled waste S271 [12]. However, E-waste is defined as used electrical and electronic equipments categories as scheduled waste in First Schedule of Environment (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005 and been coded as SW110 after takes effect on 15 August 2005. When e-waste become new category of scheduled waste in Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, contractors in Selangor that wanted to involved in e-waste recycling and processing are bound to obtain license from Department of Environment, Selangor. With the enforcement of EQSWR 2005, the activity o f e-waste inventory were carrying out by DOE, Selangor began in 2007. Figure 1 show that the amount of e-waste generated in Shah Alam is increasing from 5331 MT/year in 2007 to 5388 MT/year in 2009. Amount of e-waste collected by e-waste contractors in Shah Alam is assumed to be all or major portion of e-waste generated in Shah Alam eventually goes to the nearby recyclers and or disposal facilities. However, the generation of e-waste depends on the consumption and production of electrical or electronic product in that year. Currently, the number of e-waste contractors in Shah Alam was increase from only 9 contractors in 2007 to 12 contractors in 2009 as showed in Table 2 where it consist of one full recovery facility and other is partial recovery facilities. However, there are still unknown and unlicensed contractors in Shah Alam operating e-waste collection, recycling and processing. One of the identify company is Scrap Computer Trading Sdn Bhd that located in Shah Alam area. The increase quantities of e-waste each years and without proper management system especially during disposal process, the hazardous materials contain can release into the environment will potentially give adverse effect to human health [15]. In the e-waste inventory project of Malaysia report, e-waste is expected to increase in five year ahead and further. This is because at that time the level of public awareness regarding e-waste is increasing due to e-waste had become an important environment issues in 21st century. The other factor that may contribute to the increase of e-waste is due to technologies advancement where people lifestyle change where the replacement of old product with new ones that much better, affordable and easy to use in the future. Even nowadays people are depending on gadgets such as computers and mobile phones in communicating with people around the world. This data only reflects the e-waste that is collected as disassembled components from industries (Malaysia Inventory Report, Accessed on 11/10/2009). Data on quantities of e-waste generated in Shah Alam were gathered through inventory recorded by e-waste contractors for Department of Environment, Selangor using a consignment notes. The increase of e-waste quantities generated give impact to the management of e-waste. The main objective in e-waste management is to reduce the e-waste generated from ending up in landfill site and to reduce the cost of managing e-waste where it contain both highly toxic substances and valuable materials. Current Status on E-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor Shah Alam is one of well planned city; the residential areas were located on the site of federal highway and industrial zone on the other. Table 3 shows the e-waste generators, type of e-waste collected by e-waste collectors in Shah Alam, Selangor. Generators in Shah Alam consist of electrical and electronic manufacturers, assemblers, individual consumers, government organizations, corporate users such as banking sectors, etc. Table 3: E-waste generators, type of e-wastes and e-waste collectors in Shah Alam, Selangor. E-waste generators Type of E-waste E-waste collector Manufacturing Industries Disassemblies such as metal scrap, ICT board, rejected wires, etc License e-waste contractor under Department of Environment Government organization, institution Whole unit of e-wastes such as computers, telephone, printers, etc Alam Flora Sdn Bhd; License e-waste contractor under Department of Environment Individual households, publics Sub-unit of e-waste or whole unit of e-waste Shah Alam City Council (MBSA) Types of e-waste generated depend on type of generator and each quantity generated or collected are different from each other. E-waste generate from multinational electrical and electronic manufacturing industries such as Panasonic Sdn Bhd, JVC (M) Sdn Bhd and larger business such as banking sectors, ICT sectors, etc are well collected by licensed contractors. However e-waste generated by individual household uncommonly collected because of quantities of e-waste produce is in small amount. This is because individual households not are regular generator for e-waste compare to business. According to Macauley et al 2003, generally electronics wastes generated by businesses more homogeneous which are comprise of large quantities than electrical waste generated by households [13]. Consignment Notes (Inventory Track System) Sell to other recyclers or local/domestic market Partial Recovery Facilities Licence Collector Generator Kualiti Alam Sdn Bhd Full recovery facilities Disposal of e-waste residue Treatment Alam Flora Sdn Bhd, Local Authority Collect from the public Recyclable materials such as metals scraps and plastic scraps Unlicensed collector Unknown 2nd raw materials Sell to the manufacturers Figure 2: E-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor E-waste management practice in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia E-waste collection E-waste management in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia is summarized in Figure 2 above from the waste generation until the disposal of the waste. E-waste derived from manufacturers usually consists of disassembled components such as plastic scraps, metal parts and wires which are collected mostly by license e-waste contractors. E-waste generate from domestic area were collected by waste concessionaires such as Alam Flora Sdn Bhd, Solid Waste Management Sdn Bhd. According to Alam Flora officer, they have launched a campaign for collection of e-waste from the public started in year 2006 and focuses only to the unit of computer waste. However for e-wastes collected from the domestic areas will not undergo any separation process because absence of segregation facility and therefore e-wastes collected will be sent straight to landfill site. Alam Flora Sdn Bhd does not provide any facility related to collection of schedule wastes and metals because the value for recycling materials is low and the cost for it proper management is high compare to management of conventional wastes. For Shah Alam residents that wanted to discard their E-waste, Alam Flora also provided call and pick up services. Shah Alam City Council (MBSA) is a local authority in Shah Alam has involved in 3Rs campaign but they focus is not specifically on e-waste. MBSA do not send e-waste to the landfill but e-waste collected to recycling center for further disposal. MBSA indirectly involved in e-waste management for Shah Alam. MBSA has provided a recycling center for Shah Alam community to dispose their bulky wastes and recyclable wastes that include e-wastes. This recycling center known as Shah Alam Recycling Center located in Sekyen 17, Shah Alam, Selangor. With the initiatives located by MBSA to this community; it can be a starting point for e-waste from households to be managed properly. E-waste recycling At present, there are about 12 licensed e-waste contractors in Shah Alam which are responsible in collecting and recycling e-waste. According to DOE of Shah Alam, Shah Alam has 11 registered e-waste contractors with only one company having full recovery licenses. The listed e-waste contractor can be found at DOE website. The rest with partial recovery licenses only allowed carrying out collection, disassembly, segregation, and packing. However, only approved full recovery licenser is allowed to conduct precious metal recovery by utilizing chemicals and electrolysis processes. E-waste collected were dismantled and separated into various part or components which also consist of recyclable and non-recyclable items. The recyclable item usually after processing will be packed for resale locally or export to other countries. Sometimes the recyclable part or component will be distributed to other companies for reuse. E-waste collected by license contractor will be further send whether to partial recovery facilities or directly to full recovery facilities. Partial recovery e-waste contractor also act as a middleman in collecting e-waste from the generators. Usually they used their own transportation to collect e-waste from the waste generators according to tender sign. Recycling process that carry out in partial recovery facilities include manually dismantle into part or component and segregate them into recyclable or non recyclable components. Type of component that usually can be extracting from e-waste is metal scraps such as cooper, steel and aluminum. For plastic scrap usually this type of waste will be sold to other recyclers from domestic market or local market as secondary raw materials. However, for material that had been separate, sorted and crushed in partial recovery facility still considered as scheduled wastes where it need to further treated at prescribed premises. At full recovery facilities, they provide services where most of the item will be recovered for better end products. Beside physical treatment process, chemical treatment (stripping) will be used in order to minimize waste from ending up in landfill sites. The products from e-waste recovery become secondary raw materials for other uses in manufacturing sectors. Disposal of E-waste E-waste generate in electrical and electrical industry were mostly disposed in the provide bins as either provided by the waste generator or the waste contractor depend on types of E-waste disposed. With the structure mechanism of E-waste management by the industries, the waste disposed is recorded using consignment notes where the quantities of E-waste produced is inventory. Some of non recyclable part or component of E-waste will be treated either in full recovery facilities or disposed at Kualiti Alam facilities. DOE also has given license to Kualiti Alam in collecting e-waste as they are one of the responsible agencies in Malaysia that handle scheduled wastes. The final product of e-waste recovery is the e-waste residues. These residues will be sent to sanitary landfill in Bukit Nanas together with other wastes that are not recyclable and non hazardous for further disposal processes. Obstacles in e-waste management Data from the interview are analyzed. During the analysis, code were renames, clustered and group into four issues and problem discussed by the respondents about e-waste management. In the management aspect, e-waste is very complex because of it tendency to cause serious environmental problem in developing countries as in Malaysia. Obstacle identified is technical issues, lack of trained personal, legislation, financial, infrastructure and awareness. Technical Issues The waste generators were responsible with the management of their own scheduled waste include e-waste. Unlike solid waste management where theres by now have a structured mechanism. According to [name must not be reveal], the volume of the electrical and electronic waste is depends on the EE production and current economy status. Another problem is they cannot afford for the other technology or equipment to process electrical and electronic waste except man power. However, there also some manufacturers in Selangor still selling e-waste to unlicensed collector or recycler because the price offer is high. E-waste contractors in Selangor, mostly collect e-waste from EEE industry but not for household e-waste. Lack of improper e-waste disposal, this is because the waste generators do not have suitable places to dispose their waste. In Malaysia, there are still small number of facilities who involves with e-waste processing and recovery. Waste collected from manufacturers or large business were dismantle and separate into various parts and components for resale or recycle or recovery locally while household e-wastes were discarded in municipal bins and disposed off in landfill. Lacking of environmental standards and advanced recycling technologies where most of partial recoveries adopted very simple and uncultured methods in order to achieve higher return as much as possible. From the interview conducted with the partial recovery companies, there are two reasons the collectors cannot afford for a better recycling technologies; a) The equipment is too expensive and; b) The volume of e-waste is small while there are a numbers of collectors out there. If they bought the facilities, it will was te their time and money just like the incinerator case. Currently as in Selangor and Malaysia as general, e-waste were collected while only precious metals are extracted. The recycling processes usually have low recycling rates as for the informal sector where the major thrust for recycling is precious material extraction due to which the other hazardous components are usually dumped in landfill and fate sometimes unknown. However for the formal recycling units the efficiency is less as the collections targets are not met and lack of efficient technologies. According to Dato Nadzri Yahaya, theres an informal sector is going-on where they involved in collecting e-waste dumps with other household waste. The garbage contractors with they own initiative will informally sort out waste that can be recycle such as plastics, aluminum, e-waste, etc before other non-recyclables waste sent to the landfill sites. However, disposal of E-waste from household is an issue where these wastes dispose in the municipal bins together with other wastes as there is still no segregation unlicensed collector where they collect this waste and process only certain part or compo nent of E-waste and treatment for others is unknown. Even the television for example put together with other waste outside the resident premises, after couple of hours, the waste gone and the fate of the waste is unidentified. Financial Issue There is not much to discuss about financial issues because this paper focus more to management per se. In Malaysia, E-waste has been treated same as scheduled waste except it is not to dangerous and contaminated if directly contact with this wastes. Currently, there is no financial scheme or initiatives given to the e-waste recyclers by government. According to officer from Kualiti Kitar Alam, the recyclers especially scrap collector that not control or license under DOE buy e-waste from waste generators with high price and the treatment for the waste collected by this parties is unknown. Sometimes, most of the waste contractors consist of illegal contractors or recyclers. Legislation Issue Malaysia already has existing regulation on scheduled wastes where e-waste were categorized under SW110 in First Scheduled of Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulation 2005, but this regulation not directly dealing with e-waste from household. Currently, there is no mechanism of proper segregation or disposal system to encourage public recycle and discard e-waste. The continue generation of e-waste over time, together with lack of structured mechanism of institutional framework and inadequate infrastructure causing e-waste management not well set up. Even though at present electrical or electroni

Black Elk Speaks :: essays research papers

Black Elk Speaks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book Black Elk Speaks was written in the early 1930's by author John G. Neihardt, after interviewing the medicine man named Black Elk. Neihardt was already a published writer, and prior to this particular narrative he was at work publishing a collection of poems titled Cycle of the West. Although he was initially seeking infor-mation about a peculiar Native American religious movement that occurred at the end of the 19th century for the conclusion his poetry collection, Neihardt was instead gifted with the story of Black Elk's life. Black Elk's words would explain much about the nature of wisdom as well as the lives of the Sioux and other tribes of that period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The priest or holy man calling himself Black Elk was born in the December of 1863, to a family in the Ogalala band of the Sioux. Black Elk's family was well known, and he counted the famed Crazy Horse as a friend and cousin. Black Elk's family was likewise acknowledged as a family of wise men, with both his father and grandfather themselves being holy men bearing the name Black Elk. The youngest Black Elk soon experienced a vision as a young boy, a vision of the wisdom inherent in the earth that would direct him toward his true calling of being a wichasha wakon or holy man like his predecessors. Black Elk's childhood vision stayed with him throughout his life, and it offered him aid and wisdom whenever he sought it. It is from the strength of this vision, and the wisdom in his heart that Black Elk eventually realized his place as a leader and wise man in the Ogalala band of the Sioux.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wisdom possessed by Black Elk is immediately present in his recollections of various lessons learned by himself and by others. These stories ran the whole gambit of life experiences from the most innocent acts of a boy in love, to the hard les-sons learned from the treachery of the whites. Through these stories a greater insight can be gained into the ways of the Sioux, as well as lessons into the nature of all men. Most important in these lessons on the nature of man was wisdom, and in all of Black Elk's recollections somewhere a deeper wisdom can be found.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story of High Horse's Courting stands out as a perfect example of one of Black Elk's narratives. Typically, Black Elk's narratives try to bestow a lesson (or les-sons) that the listener can learn from, just as the subject of the story sometimes does.

Mutations of the Superoxide Dismutase Gene are Associated with Amyotrop

Recent studies have provided some insight for the possible causes of the familial type of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). This disease occurs only in 10% of the known cases of ALS with the sporadic, non-hereditary form being predominant [7, 9]. ALS in general has an occurrence of 0.4 to 1.8 per 100,000 live births [1]. ALS has been called Lou Gehrig’s disease, Charcot’s disease and motor neuron disease in other literature [4]. ALS is a neurodegenerative disease of upper and lower motor neurons that can manifest in such a way that it can be misdiagnosed. Such areas include respiratory muscles with initial diagnosis of asthma, or even psychological problems that appear as a dementia [7]. The primary manifestations are not restricted to any certain area of the body. FALS is inherited autosomally as a dominant trait [9,12,13,17]. It exhibits heterogeneity and may not be present in a consecutive generation [1]. It is diagnosed usually near the age of fifty and ranges f rom 20-72 years [9,17]. Most patients are given a prognosis of 5 years of life after diagnosis [5]. It has also been proposed that the juvenile form may be recessive. There is a predominance of maternal transmission in later onset and paternal transmission in early onset [9]. The bulk of this paper will deal with the SOD1 gene mutations as the proposed cause for some types of FALS. Many other hypothesis have been developed and will be briefly addressed at this point. Autoimmune disease and mutations in the glutamate receptor are other proposed causes. Autoimmune disease has been studied as a possible agent for the cause of FALS [6]. Supportive evidence includes the deficiency of IgG1 or IgG3 or both in 16/25 observed patients; subclass deficiency could... .... 12. Maurelli, M., Marchioni, E. Familial adult amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: report of cases. Ital. J. Neurol. Sci., 1992, 13:75-79. 13. Mulder, D. W., Kurland, L. T. Familial adult motor neuron disease: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology, Apr 1986, 36:511-517. 14. Norris, F. H.., Burns, W. Spinal fluid cells and protein in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch. Neurol., May 1993, 50:489-491. 15. Ostermeyer-Shoaib, B. IgG subclass deficiency in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand., 1993, 87:192-194. 16. Rosen, O. R,, Siddiquem T. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature, 4Mar 1993, 362:59-62. 17. Strong, M. J., Hudson, A. J. Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 1850-1989: A statistical analysis of the world literature. Can. J. Neural. Sci., 1991, 18: 45-58.

Air Resistance, Tyres And Friction :: essays research papers

Dragsters use a combination of large wide tyres or the rear and small narrow tyres on the front this combination is used for the following reasons: The front wheels: The front wheels are very narrow. This is so a minimum of air resistance or drag affects the dragster with lower drag better acceleration an in turn a better top speed can be achieved all leading to a better pass (race time). Now lets try to understand the concept of air resistance and drag. A basic example is placing your hand out the window with your palm facing forwards as you are driving your car along at about sixty kilometres per hour. You will feel a strong force of the wind (air resistance) pushing back at your hand. Now turn your hand side or so that your little finger is facing the front and your thumb is facing the rear at the same speed. The force of air resistance exerted on your hand is greatly reduced. This force is similar as to that exerted on the front wheels of the dragster. Now dragsters reach speeds of up to five hundred kilometres per hour, imagine the force needed to hold your hand against the wind if your palm was facing the front. It would be much easier to hold your hand side on. The same as it would be much easier for the dragsters engine to push the narrow front wheels compared to large ones. Air resistance is a form of friction (namely fluid friction) a friction from the air, as we know friction is defined as a force that opposes movement. The formula used to determine aerodynamic drag is as follows: Drag = 0.5 * rho * Cd * v2 * S Aerodynamic drag is a function of the following: rho is the air density, which we cannot change. v2 is velocity squared which is endeavoured to be maximized for the best time and/or pass. S is the frontal or cross sectional area which we want to minimize. I.e. less frontal area means that a less significant amount of air resistance impedes the top speed and acceleration. Cd is the coefficient of drag, which we want to minimize. So the two things with which can be worked with or changed, the frontal area and coefficient of drag, both of which need to be to minimized for the best results. Having very narrow front wheels minimizes the frontal area.

Language and translation Essay

Language is the basic tool people use to communicate with each other, including verbal language and non-verbal language. Language is used to announce, to persuade, to queries, to express emotions, to transmit complicated ideas or even to hurt people. Generally speaking, using the language correctly allows people to communicate better, compared with animals. However, we live in a big world, which has more than 6 billion people now. With the existence of many different languages, the issues of translation are generated. After reading Alberto Rios essay – Translating Translation: Finding the Beginning, I know Rios understands languages and translation in complex and stratified ways, from cultures and manners. He writes â€Å"Language is more than what we say – it’s also how we say it, and whether or not we even understand what we are saying. † in his short essay (508). It can be understood easily why Rios pays so much attention to languages and translation. He grew up on the southwestern borderlands, having a Mexican father and an English mother. (504) The place he grew up is a place where cultures of the United States and Mexico meet and collide. Based on his own experience of dealing with different cultures and different languages, he points out how to say is more significant than what we say. The elements making his essay to be persuasive and compelling is worth to be analyzed, such as his personal background, the examples of his experience he gives, the way he arrange the examples and the his unique writing style. Rios’ personal background not only determine the topics he prefers to write about languages, but also make his writing on these topics become more convincing because he experiences many problems of languages and cultural conflicts by himself and it cannot been denied. As I mentioned before, he grew up in a place where cultures of the United States and Mexico meet and collide. â€Å"My father was born in Mexico, on the border of Guatemala, and my mother was born in England. I had languages. †(506) We can see that, because of his parents, he is doomed to face a lot of bi-languages problems. In order to understand both people speaking Spanish and people speaking English, he has to know how they say in different way rather than just know what the words mean in Spanish and English. He needs to understand the ways of how people say for getting the real meanings beyond the simple words. Because of his experience of languages differences, he has special interests in figuring out how people use languages in different ways. That’s also why he is fond of topics on languages and translations between different languages. Due to the special background Rios has, he has some interesting experiences of translation problems. All three examples Rios gives help to make his writing persuasive since the examples are typical and are related to his idea of importance of how we say perfectly. Through those three examples, Rios tries to demonstrate that translation incorporates understanding what it says and how it say, instead of explaining what is translation and how to move from one language to another. In order to claim his viewpoint, he picks up three typical examples. In the first example: â€Å"My mother when asked what color she wanted the kitchen, said to the workers who were all Mexican, and who spoke very little English, limon. But when we came back the next day, the kitchen was painted bright green, like a small jungle. Mexican limones, my mother found out, are small and green that color exactly, no mistake. † (506) Rios’s mother asks the workers to paint their kitchen in the color of limon, but the workers understand it as limones, which is different from limon. It’s a small understanding in the communication. The misunderstanding happens because author mother’s wrong pronunciation but the workers do not really understand what she wants. It’s quite normal for a new leaner to have incorrect pronunciations. But in native speakers’ ears, they will think that may be another word. This is a small example that different understandings of words cause misunderstand between people who speak different languages. The second example tells a story that a man, who was arrested for illegally crossing the border from Mexico into the United States was arrested, and then was left in the jail without anyone coming to see him from a Thursday to a Saturday because of lack of understanding between the man and his jailers. (507) In that situation, everyone is supposed to say something even yell out when finding their own are forgotten by the jailers. But the man didn’t because he had manners. This example let me think of an observation of mine. Americans say â€Å"can I have a†¦Ã¢â‚¬  when they order in the restaurant, but most Chinese are accustomed to say â€Å"I want a †¦Ã¢â‚¬  when ordering. This difference cannot jump to the conclusion that Chinese are impolite. The expression difference happens due to the difference manners of language. This kind of case is more complicated than the first example. People have the same understanding of words but different manners still cause misunderstandings. Rios select this example to tell people if you want to understand other completely, the manner behind word cannot be ignored. The third example is interesting. The conversation took place between Rios and one of his students. â€Å"Hey,ese,† he said to me, with a small pointing of the right hand. â€Å"Hey† I said. He nodded his head. â€Å"You really like this poetry shit. † He asked. â€Å"Yes. † I said. And then he followed with the very best thing I could ever hoped for. †So how many fights you had? † (508) A student of Rios asks Rios â€Å"how many fights you had? † Rios understands the student is using his way to communicate. The boy was just looking for an equation for something to understand instead of embarrassing the teacher. If at that time, Rios didn’t understand what the boy really tried to do, Rios would be mad at the boy. This example perfectly shows that language is more than what we say, it’s also how we say it. If Rios just cares about the language that the boy says from his mouth, he will misapprehend the boy and have very bad impression of the boy. When we try to understand what others say, how can we only understand the words others say? We also should try to dig out the original meanings of the speaker in order to avoid the misunderstandings of verbal communication. The author, Rios, tries to illustrate the idea that language is more than what we say and we need to understand the way of how we say it by these three examples step by step. There is a point deserved to highlight. Rios does not arrange these examples randomly. Rios organizes the examples in a progressive relation rather than choose three examples in the same layer. He puts his mother’s example in the first place because it was very small example but it’s also enough to let people have the first understanding of what translation problem can happen between different languages. Compared with first example, the second example doesn’t only lead people to consider the issues of words, but also manners behind the words that different cultures hold. The progressive relation can be noticed here easily. The focus is moving from simple misunderstanding of words to misunderstand of manners because of different cultures. The feature of third example is more obvious. Rios add many action descriptions. For example, â€Å"Hey,ese,† he said to me, with a small pointing of the right hand. (508) Languages include body languages. By adding action description, Rios leads the focus move again, to a higher layer – action expression. Perhaps â€Å"pointing of the right hand† shows nervous in this case, so Rios notices that his student was looking for an equation but he just didn’t know how to do that and felt nervous. Rios arranging the examples in this order makes his essay persuasive because readers can reach the main idea of the essay step by step which helps his main idea to be more acceptable. Apart from adopting three appropriate examples to express his idea, Rios also has his own unique writing style to make his essay compelling. In an interview, he said â€Å"I would say that I write in Spanish – it just looks like English. †(504) I found the entire interview from Internet, he says† I do occasionally write in Spanish, but when I do it’s from another time, from childhood, often, I listen hard for how ideas come to me, in what container they are being delivered, and I try to be true to it. Sometimes that container is Spanish. † (Twenty-Four Questions: A conversation with Alberto Alvaro Rios) It means Rios sometimes form his ideas in Spanish although he writes in English. As a non-English speaker who but lives in an English speaking country, I got a deep feeling for this. Although I live in America where I listen English and speak English everyday, I still think in Chinese. I form my ideas in Chinese way and then say it from my mouth in English. Rios grew up in a Spanish speaking environment, and he used to think in Spanish. As he says, Spanish sometime is the container which holds his ideas in his mind. So his poems and stories are written in English but flavored by the sensibilities of his first language, Spanish. As Rios writes in his essay, â€Å"I often talk about the duality of language using the metaphor of binoculars, how by using two lenses one might see something better, closer, with more detail. †(506) We can see Rios regards the duality of language as a significant part of translation. Rios claims that the body itself speaks a language differently, so that moving from one language to another is more than translate words. (506) He changes the expression method rather than just translate the words from Spanish to English in order to keep the original meanings expressed in Spanish. Compared with other writers, this specialty of his writing makes his writing compelling. Language is the bridge of communication. According to Alberto Alvaro Rios, just understanding what we say is not enough. It’s necessary to know how we say it if we need to really understand what other say. Misunderstandings take place easily because of the unsuccessful translation of language or act. When a person says something or do something, but the listener misunderstand the person, it’s a unsuccessful translation. Especially in different languages, unsuccessful translations happen more frequently due to the different cultures. Therefore, when we listen to others, we should consider the different cultural background, different manners and different way of using language. That’s also what Rios means by â€Å"Language is more than what we say – it’s also how we say it. † Work Cited Bartholomae, David, and Tony Petrosky. â€Å"Short Talks. † Ways of Reading: An Anthology for Writers. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011. 264. 67. Print. â€Å"Twenty-Four Questions: A Conversation with Alberto Alvaro Rios. † Alberto Alvaro Rios. N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Oct. 2013.

Student: Internal Control and Battery Operated Pocket

1. ACCOUNTANCY AND BUSINESS STASTICS Part-I : THEORY & PRACTICE OF AUDITING Min. Pass marks : 36 3 Hrs. duration Max. Marks : 100 Section-A 1. Auditing : Meaning, Objects, Fraud, errors : Book-keeping, Accounting and Auditing; Classification of audits; Planning and procedure of audit; Audit programmes; Auditor's working papers, Test checking; Routine checking. 2. Internal control : meaning, objective and evaluation of internal control; internal check and internal audit; Internal control regarding sales, purchases, assets, liabilities and salaries and wages; vouching. . Verification and valuation of assets and liabilities; Rules laid down in Kingston Cotton Mills Co. Ltd. (1896); Irish Woolen Co. Ltd. (1901); Westminister Road Construction & Engineering Ltd. (1941) and Thomas Gerard and Sons Ltd. (1967). Section-B 1. Audit of sole proprietorship and partnership concerns. Educational institutions, Cinemas, Clubs and Hospitals. 2.Audit of joint stock companies : Appointment, removal and remuneration of company auditor; Audit of share capital, debentures and mangerial remuneration, Audit for the purpose of Statutory Report and Prospectus; Audit of Government Companies with reference to Section 619 to the companies Act, 1956. Section-C 1. Rights, duties and liabilities of an auditor and Rules laid down in London and General Bank Case (1895); Hedley yrne and Co. Ltd. v/s Heller and Partners Ltd. (1863); CIT v/s G. M. Dandekar (1952); Anupam Roy v/s P. K. Mukherjee (1956). 2. Divisible profits including audit of Reserves and Provisions. 3.Audit Reports and Audit Certificates. 4. Investigation : Meaning, objecgtives procedure; Investiation on behalf of perspective purchaser of business, banker and prospective investor. 5. Cost Audit : Meaning, Nature, Objective, Scope and types of cost audit. Book Recommended : 1. B. N. Tondon: ANKEKSHAN 2. T. R; Sharma: ANKEKSHAN 3. S. M. Shukla: ANKEKSHAN 4. Jain, Khandelwal:ANKEKSHAN 5. Spicer & Paglar : Practical Auditing (Indian E d. ) 6. De Paula : Principles of Auditing 7. J. Lancaster : Princi;es and Practice of Auditing. 8. R. G. Williams : Elements of Auditing. 9. Mautz and Sharaf : Philosophy of Auditing. 0. Ronald I. Irish : Auditing. 11. Jagdish Prakash : Auditing. 12. Krinadwala & Krishnadwala : Auditing. Paper-II : OPTIONAL PAPER (ANY ONE TO BE OFFERED) Paper-II (1) : MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING Min. Pass Marks : 36 3 hrs. duration Max. marks : 100 Section-A 1. Introduction : Meaning of management accounting, conventions of management accounting, organisation of management accounting, functions, responsibilities and qualities of a management accountant, management accounting Vs. traditional accounting, limitations of management accounting. 2. Capital structure : Determinants of capital structure, optimum capital tructure. Basic theory capital structure. 3. Operating and financial leverage. 4. Working Capital : Concept, factors affecting working capital requirements, ascertainment of working caipital requi rements, salient features of Tandon Commitee and Chore Commitee reports. Section-B 5. Financial Analysis : Meaning, nature and importance of financial statements, techniques of financial analysis comparative statements, common size statements, trend analysis, limitations of financial statements analysis. 6. Elementary Ratio Analysis. 7. Cash flow and fund flow Analysis. Section-C 8. Cost of Capital. 9.Capital expenditure decisions, Pay-back period, return on investment, discounted cash flow. 10. Responsibility accounting. 11. Reporting to management. Note : The candidate shall be permitted to use battery operated pocket calculator that should not have more than 12 digits, 6 functions and 2 memories and should be noiseless and cordless. Books Recommended : 1. Hingorani, Ramnathan and Grewal : Management Accounting. 2. Man Moha & Goyal : Management Accounting. 3. N. K. Kulshreshtha : Theory and Practice of Management Accountancy. 4. P. K. Ghosh : Management Accountancy. 5. S. K. Chakr aborty : Management Accountancy. . N. M. Khandelwal: PRABAMDH LEKHANKAN 7. Agrawal & Agrawal : Management Accountancy (Hindi) 8. S. P. Gupta : Management Accountancy (Hindi) 9. J. Batty : Management Accountancy. 10. Anthony R. N. : Management Accountancy Principles. 11. De-Paula : Managemetn Accountancy Practice. 12. Murphy, M. E. : Managerial Accounting. 13. M. R. Khandelwal: PRABANDH LEKHANKAN Paper-II (2) : ADVANCED COST ACCOUNTING Min. Pass Marks : 36 3 Hrs. duration Max. marks : 100 Section-A 1. Review of Cost Accounting as information system; Concept of costs, Types of costs; Installation of a Costing System. 2.Cost Control as distinct from cost determination; Control over Wastage, scrap, spoilage and defective. 3. By-product and Joint product costing including equivalent units. 4. Cost control Accounts and Integral Accounts. Section-B 5. Marginal Costing : Stock valuation under marginal costing; Absorption costing curve, linear, break even analysis, Break even charts; Differe ntial cost analysis. 6. Cost analysis for management decision making like-Make or Buy; own or lease; repair or replace; now or later; sale of scrap or retain; shut down or continue; expand or contract; dropping or adding a product; suitable product mix. . Pricing decision in special circumstances, like sales below cost, export pricing, dumping and inflation. Section-C 8. Standard Costing : General Principles; setting of standard costs; variance analysis cost; profit and sales variances, presentation of variances. 9. Uniform Costing and Inter firm comparison. 10. Cost Reduction : Meanig; Techniques; Principles and Procedure; Treatment of research and development costs. Note : The candidate shall be permitted to use battery operated pocket calculator that should not have more than 12 digits, 6 functions and 2 memories and should be noiseless and cordless.Book Recommended : 1. Maheshwari and Mittal: LAAGAT LEKHANKAN: SIDDHANT ANVUM VYAVHAAR 2. Prasad, N. K. : Principles and Practice of Cost Accounting. 3. Bhar, B. K. : Cost Accounting : Methods & Problems. 4. Saxena and Vashistha : Advanced cost Accounts. 5. Ashish K. Bhattacharaya : Principles and Practice of Cost Accounting. 6. Horngren : Cost Accounting : A Managerial Approach. 7. Jain, Narang : Advanced Cost-Accounting. 8. Matz, Curry and Frank : Cost Accounting. 9. Shliling and Zordon : Cost Accounting: Analysis and Control. 10. Nigam , B. M. L. , Sharma : Advanced Cost Accounting. 11.Backer and Jacobson : Cost Accounting. 12. Oswal, Bidawat, Mangal: LAAGAT VISHLESHAN ANVUM LAAGAT NIYANTRAN Paper-II (3) : COST AND MANAGEMENT AUDIT Min. Pass Marks : 36 3 hrs. duration Max. Marks : 100 Section-A 1. Cost Audit : Nature, objects and scope; cost audit leading to other services; cost audit and financial audit. 2. Cost auditor : Qualifications, appointment and engagement; rights, duties and responsibilities – professional and legal – under companies Act, 1956 and Cost and Works Accountants Act, 1959; relationship between statutory financial auditor, cost auditor and internal auditor. 3.Professional ethics and misconduct; special penal provision for cost auditors. Section-B 4. Preparation of the cost audit programme; evaluation of internal control system including material inventrory, capacity utilization management information system and internal audit. 5. Preparation and verification of cost records; cost Accounting Re cords Rules u/s 209 (a) (d) of the companies Act, 1956 (only general knowledge is required); Use of statistical sampling methods. 6. The cost audit reports : Contents of reports as per Cost Audit Records Rules u/s (b) of the Companies Act, 1956; Review of cost audit reports by Government.Section-C 7. Management audit, Meaning, nature and scope, qualities of a management auditor, concept of efficiency audit, proprietary audit and operational audit. 8. Specific areas of management audit involving review of internal control, review of purchasing control, review of s elling and distribution policies and programmes, review of manufacturing operations. 9. Corportate social audit : concept, dimenloy and technique. Note : The candidate shall be permitted to use battery operated pocket calcualtor that should not have more than 12 digits, 6 functions and 2 memories and should be noiseless and cordless.Books Recommended : 1. Management Audit. 2. Choudhary D. Management Audit and Cost Audit 3. Ramanathan Cost and Mangement Audit 4. Cona W. L. Management Audit 5. Tikhe J. G. Cost Audit and Management Audit 6. Rose T. G. Cost Audit and Management Audit 7. Kamal Gupta Contemporary Audit Paper-II (4) : BUSINESS STATISTICS Min. Pass Marks : 36 3 Hrs. duration Max. marks : 100 Section-A 1. Analysis of time series : Meaning, components of time series, methdos of measuring trend, seasonal variations and irregular fluctuations. 2.Interpolation and Extrapolation : Meaning, Nilwon's method of Advancing difference, Binomial and Lagsarg's method. Section-B 3. Associ ation of attributes. 4. Theory of probability : Elementary problems based on permutations and combinations, additive and mutiplicative rules. 5. Probability distributions : Binomial, Poisson and Normal distribution. Section-C 6. Sampling : Meaning, Sample of attributes and variables, Test of significance, large samples and small samples, t-test, F-test and chisquare test. 7. Analysis of variance : One way and two way classification, design of experiments. 8. Statistical quality control.Note : The candidate shall be permitted to use battery operated pocket calculator that should not have more than 12 digits, 6 functions and 2 memories and should be noiseless and cordless. Book Recommended : 1. 2. 3. 4. Mathur, Khandelwal, Gupta: VYAVSAAYIK SAANKHIYAKI NAAGAR: SAANKHIYAKI KE SIDDHANT S. P. Gupta : Statistical Methods. Sancheti & Kapoor : Statistical Methods. Optional Paper-II (5) : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN ACCOUNTING Min. Pass Marks : 36 3 Hrs. duration Max. Marks : 100 Section-A 1. I ntroduction of Computers and automated data processing, development of computers, types of computers, hardware and software. . Binary code system; binary arithmetic, words, bytes and bits, introduction to other number system (octal and hexadecimal), computer languages. 3. Introduction to flow charts, flow diagram importance, symbols and their application. Section-B 4. Introduction to BASIC language : characteristics, contants, variables and expressions, READ, PRINT, AND DATA statements. CONTROL statements. 5. Programming in BASIC language-simple programmes. 6. Business applications; Payroll, iventory control, financial accouting and EDP audit. Section-C 7. Introduction to COBOL language- Histroy of COBOL coding format.Structure of a COBOL program, character set, COBOL words, data names and identifiers, laterals, four divisions of COBOL. 8. Procedure, division and basic verb-More, arithmetic verbs, sequence control verbs, input and output verbs, conditional verb. 9. Writing simple CO BOL programmes. Note : 1. There will be three hours of theory and three hours of computer lab work per week. 2. The candidate shall be permitted to use battery operated pocket calculator that should not have more than 12 digits, 6 functions and 2 memories and should be noiseless and cordless. Books Recommended : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Fundamentals of Computers : V.Rajaraman Programming in COBOL : Schaum Series Principles of Auditing : Tandon Selecting the Computer System : Chorafas System Analysis & Data Processing : Subramaniam and Menon Computer Data Processing : Gordon B. Davis Computer and Common Sense : Roger Hund and John Shelly Machine Organisation An Introduction to the : Pflager P. C. Structure and Programming (New York Wiley, 1982) of Computer Systems 9. Fundamentals of Data Structures : Herowitz E. Sahnaj Co. Computer Science Press, 1978 10. Computer Hardare and Organisation : Solam M. E. 11. Fundamental Concept of Programming System : Allaman J. D. 12.COBOL Programming : M. K. Roy and D. Ghosh 13. Computer Programming in COBOL : V. Rajaraman 14. D. O. S. and 6. 2 Companion : Satish Jain Optional Paper-II (6) : TAXATION LAW AND PRACTICE Min. Pass Marks : 36 3 Hrs. duration Section-A Wealth Tax Act and Rules Max. Marks : 100 1. Definitions : Charge of wealth tax and assets subject to such charges; exemptions; valuation of assets, computation of net wealth and wealth tax. 2. Procedure of assessment : Liability to assessment in special cases; appeals; revision and reference, payment and recovery of wealth tax. refunds. Section B Central Sales Tax and Rules : 3.Definitions; Liability of tax on inter-state sales, rates of tax, determination of taxable turnover and sales tax, declaration forms. 4. Registration of dealers; declared goods and restrictions and conditions on sales of such goods; levy and collection of tax; penalities; appeals. Section C Rajasthan Sales Tax Act and Rules : 5. Definitions; incidence of taxtation; exemptions and concessions; re gistration of dealers; computation of taxable turnover and sales tax. 6. Procedure of assessment; liability to assessment in special cases; payment and recovery of tax; offences, penalties and prosecutions; appeals and revisions.Note : 1. There will be three hours of theory and three hours of computer lab work per week. 2. The candidate shall be permitted to use battery operated pocket calculator that should not have more than 12 digits, 6 functions and 2 me mories and should be noiseless and cordless. Books Recommended : 3. 4. 5. 6. Chawala and Gupta: DHAKAR ANVUM UPHAAR KAR Bhagwati Prasad : Wealth Tax and Gift Tax Mehrotra & Goyal : Wealth Tax and Gift Tax Chawala, GUpta and Naahar: KENDRIYA ANVUM RAJASTHAN BIKRIKAR 7. Patel and Chaudhary: DHANKAR, UPHAAAR KAR ANVUM NIGAM KAR 8. Patel and Chaudhary: VIKRAY KAR 9. V. K.Singhania : Direct Taxes Paper-I (7) ADVANCED FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING Min. Pass Marks : 36 3 Hrs. duration Max. Marks : 100 Section-A 10. Alteration of share capital a nd internal reconstruction (excluding framing of schemes). 11. Amalgamation, absorption and external reconstruction of companies (exclusing framing of schemes). 12. Liquidation of companies. Section-B 13. Accounts of Holiding companies. Preparation of consolidated fin ancial statements (Excluding inter-company holdings). 14. Accounts of banking companies and general insurance companies. 15. Double accounts system (including accoutns of Electrictiy companies).Section-C 16. Trends in published accounts. 17. Valuation of inventories; AS-2 18. Accounting for agricultural farms and hotels. 19. Indian accounting standards 6 to 12. Note : 20. There will be three hours of theory and three hours of computer lab work per week. 21. The candidate shall be permitted to use battery operated pocket calculator that should not have more than 12 digits, 6 functions and 2 memories and should be noiseless and cordless. Books Recommended : 22. Publications of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of In dia. i. Trends in Published Accounts. ii.Indian Accounting Standards 1 to 12 23. Pickless : Accountancy 24. Spicer and Peglar : Book-Keeping and Accounts 25. Shukla M. C. & Grewal T. S. : Advanced Accounting. 26. H. Chakravarty : Advanced Accountancy. 27. R. L. Gupta : Advanced Accountancy, Vol-II 28. Jain & Narang : Advanced Accounts. 29. Monga, Sehgal, Ahuja : Advanced Accounts, Vol-II 30. Jain, Khandelwal, Pareek: Advanced Accounts Paper-II (8) : OPERATION RESEARCH Min. Pass Marks : 36 3 Hrs. duration Max. Marks : 100 Section-A 31. Introduction : Quantitative techniques and operation research, methodology and models of O. R. 32.Linear Programming concept, formulation, graphical solution, primal and dual simplex method. 33. Transportation model, assignment models. Section-B 34. Game theory 35. Waiting line models. 36. Simulation Section-C 37. Inventory control techniqes. 38. Network analysis, PERT & CPM, including time-cost trade off. 39. Quantitative decision models : decision ma king under certainty, uncertainty and Risk expected value of perfect information, decision tree. Note : The candidate shall be permitted to use battery operated pocket calcul ator that should not have more than 12 digits, 6 functions and 2 memories and should be noiseless and cordless.Book Recommended : 40. Mathur, Khandelwal, Gupta: PARINATMAK PRAVIDHIYAAN 41. C. R. Kothari, Vikas : Quantitative Techniques 42. Bonieni, Bierman : Quantitative Methods 43. Kanti Swaroop : Statistical Analysis and Quantitative & Other Techniques. 44. Gupta and Gupta : Operations Research. 45. Ghokaru-Saini: SANKRIYA VIGYAN 46. C. R. Kothari : Operations Research 47. P. K. Gupta & D. S. Hira C. W. : Operation Research 48. Churchaman, R. L. Ackoff & Asnoff : Introduction to Operations Research 49. Mathur, Khandelwal, Gupta, Gupta: Sankriya Vigyan Paper-II (9) : BUSINESS MATHEMATICS Min.Pass marks : 36 3 Hrs. duration Max. Marks : 100 Section-A 50. Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions; compound interest and annuities. 51. Permutations and combinations; binominal theorem for positive integral index only. 52. Graphs and linear inequalities in two variables to determine feasible regions; solution of quadratic equations; relation between roots of a quadratic equation. Section-B 53. Matrics and determinants of a matrix of order upto three only useof matrices in solving simultaneous equations by matrix inversion as well as pivotal reduction method and by use determinants. 4. Linear, quadratic, exponential and logrithmic functions, concepts and determination of break-even point; curve fitting by the method of least square; fitting of linear, quadratic, exponential and logarithmic curves. Section-C 55. Elements of trignometry – (to enable a student to learn Integral Calculus with aid to Trigonometric Rations). Trigonometric Ratios and angles associated with a given angle, addition formulae, multiple and submultiple angles; transformation of sums into products and vice-vers a; definiton of inverse circular function. 56.Elements of differentation, simple application of differential coefficients, maxima and minima of unvariate functions; rules of integration for indefinite and definite integrates, simple application of integration to calculus accounting and business problems. Note : The candidate shall be permitted to use battery operated pocket calculator that should not have more than 12 digits, 6 functions and 2 memories and should be noiseless and cordless. Book Recommended : 57. Sancheti and Kapoor : Business Mathemtaics. 58. Mehta and Madani : Basic Mathematics for Commerce. 59. S. Saha : Business Mathematics. 60.Brijesh Gupta: VYAVSAAYIK GANIT Paper-II (10) : STOCK MARKET AND SECURITY ANALYSIS Min. Pass Marks : 36 3 Hrs. duration Max. Marks : 100 Section-A 61. Introduction : Meaning, nature and importance of stock market; origin and development of stock market in India; organisation of stock market in India. 62. Function of stock market. Transacti ons of business aspect and forward, speculations and classes of speculations; margin; trading options; hedging, arbitrating; procedure of transfer of shares and bonds; blank transfer. 63. Stock market regulations; Membership; maintenance and audit of their books of account.Securities and Exchange Board of India; its function and control, protections of small investors. Section-B 64. Stock exchanges and new issue market; mechanism of floating new issuesl; listing of securities, underwritng of securities. 65. Types of securities. Fixed and variable, return securities. Equity shares. Debentures – convertrible and non-convertible debentures, warrants, stock options, Government securities. 66. Concept of valuation; Present value. Internal Rate of Return. Holding period yield. 67. Analysis of risk an dreturn on securities. Section-C 68. Fundamental analysis; economic analysis; company analysis; financial and on-financial factors. 69. Technical analysis. 70. Introduction to market e fficiency. Note : The candidate shall be permitted to use battery operated pocket calculator that should not have more than 12 digits, 6 functions and 2 memo ries and should be noiseless and cordless. Book Recommended : 71. Grahum and Dodd : Security Analysis 72. Prasanna Chandra : The Investment 73. Sinha, S. L. N : Investment Managemetn 74. Bhall, V. K. Investment Management 75. Preeti Singh : Investment Management 76. Birston R. J. : The Stock Exchange and Investment Analysis. 77. Dr. Veena : Stock Market in India. 8. Gupta, U. L. : Working of Stock Exchanges in India. Paper-II (11) : APPLICATIONS Min. Pass Marks : 36 QUANTITATIVE METHODS 3 hrs. duration AND THEIR Max. Marks : 100 Section-A Risk Analysis in capital Budgeting. Ration Analysis Liquidity Ratios and Profitability Ratios. Statistical Quality Control : Introduction control charts for process, variable attributes, defects, etc. uses and Applications of S. Q. C. Section-B Vital Statistics. Interpolation and Extrapolation : Newton's method and Newton's method of dividid differences. Analysis of tiem series including exponential smoothing.Section-C A. P. G. P. and H. P. : Simple and direct problems. Probability : Elementary problems based on permutations and computations. Elements of Set Theory : Definition of Set and Sub-sets, number of elements in a set, ways of specifiying a set equality and sub-set unversal set and null set. Basic set operations, Venn Diagrams. Book Recommended : 79. Statistics : Sancheti & Kapoor. 80. Quantitative Techniques : C. R. Kothari. 81. Business Statistics : Mathur, Gupta, Khandelwal. 82. Quantitative Techniques : Sharma, Jain, Pareek. 83. Oswal, Bidawat, Mangal:LAAGAT VISHLESHAN NIYANRAN ANVUM

How Robert Browning Portray’s Mood in ‘the Laboratory’.

‘The Laboratory’ Essay The subtitle to Robert Browning's poem â€Å"The Laboratory†, â€Å"Ancien Regime†, tells us that it is set in France before the revolution, when the act of women poisoning love rivals was very common. The poem is a dramatic monologue. The narrator appears to be a woman, a fact which is not apparent in the opening stanza, but becomes so as the poem develops. In the first stanza, the narrator is putting on a mask and watching the person in the laboratory through a haze of smoke: ‘thro' these faint smokes curling whitely'.She shows her naivety whilst putting on the mask, as she thinks she is protecting herself, and doesn’t think it can harm her. This shows us that she doesn’t think of the consequences of her actions. The narrator refers to the laboratory as ‘this devil's-smithy', which is the first sign that something sinister is going on. The final line of this stanza leaves us in no doubt of this, as the woma n asks, ‘Which is the poison to poison her, prithee? ‘ The repetition of ‘poison' emphasises its importance.The opening phrase of the second stanza, ‘He is with her,' suggests that the narrator has asked for poison to be concocted because she is jealous. It would seem that her lover has deserted her for another woman. She says that they think she is crying and has gone to pray in ‘the drear / Empty church'. The couple, meanwhile, are making fun of her, stressed by the repetition of ‘laugh' in line 7. The stanza closes with the brief phrase ‘I am here', emphasising the setting of the laboratory which is in such sharp contrast to the church.The phrase ‘Grind away' at the start of the third stanza shows the woman's eagerness for the chemist to make the poison. Browning brings the description alive by using alliteration in the phrases ‘moisten and mash' and ‘Pound at thy powder'. The narrator is not in a hurry and says she woul d rather watch the concocting of the poison than be dancing at the King's court. In the fourth stanza the narrator comments on the ingredients of the poison.The chemist is mixing it with a pestle and mortar, and the woman describes the gum from a tree as ‘gold oozings', giving the impression that it is both beautiful and valuable. She then looks at a blue liquid in a ‘soft phial', finding the colour ‘exquisite'. She imagines that it will taste sweet because of its beautiful appearance and is surprised that it is a poison. Stanza five begins with the narrator wishing she possessed all the ingredients, which she refers to as ‘treasures'. Browning uses ersonification to describe them as ‘a wild crowd', and the woman considers them as ‘pleasures', a sinister attitude to poisonous substances. The use of the adjective ‘invisible' means that just a tiny amount would be required. The narrator delights in the thought of being able to carry ‘pur e death' in any one of a list of small accessories, such as an earring or a fan-mount. In the sixth stanza the narrator turns her thoughts to how easy it will be at court to give ‘a mere lozenge', like a sweet, that will kill a woman in just half an hour.She names two women in this stanza, Pauline and Elise, and it is not clear if one of them is the current target of her jealousy and desire to murder. She delights at the thought of Elise dying, and Browning uses enjambment to create the list ‘her head / And her breast and her arms and her hands', perhaps because she is jealous of Elise's beauty. The seventh stanza opens with the sudden exclamation ‘Quick! ‘ and the narrator is now excited as the poison is ready. She then reveals her disappointment, however, as its colour is ‘grim', unlike the blue liquid in the phial.She hoped that it would make her intended victim's drink look so appetising that she would be encouraged to drink it. In the eighth stanza she is concerned about how tiny the amount of poison is: ‘What a drop! ‘ She says that the other woman is considerably bigger than her, and thinks that she ‘ensnared' or caught the man in her trap because of her size. The narrator is not convinced that the drop of poison will be fatal: ‘this never will free / The soul from those masculine eyes'. It will not be enough to stop the victim's pulse, which the narrator describes as ‘magnificent'.In the ninth stanza the narrator recounts, in lines using enjambment, how she had gazed at the other woman the previous evening when her ex-lover was with whispering to her. She had hoped that by staring at her she ‘would fall shrivelled'. This obviously did not happen, but the narrator knows that the poison will do its work. Stanza ten has slightly shorter lines than the others, and the narrator addresses the chemist directly. She knows that the poison will act quickly, but she does not want her victim to have an easy death: ‘Not that I bid you spare her the pain'.Browning uses alliteration in a cluster of three to describe how the narrator wants the other woman to suffer the effects of the poison, in the phrase ‘Brand, burn up, bite'. The stanza ends with the narrator commenting that her ex-lover will always have the memory of the pain on the dying woman's face, and she appears to relish this thought. The narrator asks the chemist if the poison is ready at the start of the eleventh stanza. She asks him to remove her mask and not to be ‘morose', or gloomy.The poison will be lethal for her victim, and she does not want the mask to stop her having a good look at it. She describes it with the alliterative phrase ‘a delicate droplet', and alliteration appears again as she comments ‘my whole fortune's fee! ‘ meaning that it has cost her everything she owns. In the closing line of the stanza, she wonders if she herself can be harmed by the poison, considerin g the effect it will have on her victim. The twelfth and final stanza begins with the narrator once again showing how much the poison is costing her.She tells the chemist ‘Now take all my jewels, gorge gold to your fill', and the alliteration in the phrase ‘gorge gold' adds emphasis. She shows her gratitude by telling the chemist, whom she addresses as ‘old man', that he may kiss her on her lips if he would like to. She asks him, however, to ‘brush this dust off' her, referring to traces of poison, as she is afraid it will harm her too: ‘lest horror it brings'. The poem ends as she proclaims that she will ‘dance at the King's! ‘ a triumphant announcement.Whether or not her victim dies from ingesting the poison, we do not know, but she shows no remorse and is obviously determined to go through with her murderous plan. Browning has given the lines of poetry an upbeat, fast-paced rhythm that convey the woman's excitement at the idea of poisonin g her victim. Browning has created a character who is totally ruthless and eaten up by jealousy, determined to carry out an act of revenge that will prove fatal to another woman, like Lady Macbeth’s ruthless ambition to become queen, despite the fact that she has to kill people to get to it.